Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	43
Number of observations	68358
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	22.4 MiB
Average record size in memory	344.0 B

Variable types

CAT	30
NUM	11
BOOL	2

Warnings

`glimepiride-pioglitazone` has constant value "68358"	Constant
`metformin-rosiglitazone` has constant value "68358"	Constant
`diag_1` has a high cardinality: 691 distinct values	High cardinality
`diag_2` has a high cardinality: 715 distinct values	High cardinality
`diag_3` has a high cardinality: 755 distinct values	High cardinality
`number_emergency` is highly skewed (γ1 = 21.11983727)	Skewed
`num_procedures` has 29724 (43.5%) zeros	Zeros
`number_outpatient` has 59309 (86.8%) zeros	Zeros
`number_emergency` has 63267 (92.6%) zeros	Zeros
`number_inpatient` has 60137 (88.0%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2020-11-27 21:57:31.582889
Analysis finished	2020-11-27 21:58:28.057531
Duration	56.47 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v2.9.0
Download configuration	config.yaml

race
Categorical

Distinct	5
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Caucasian	52638
AfricanAmerican	12611
Hispanic	1469
Other	1157
Asian	483

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Caucasian	52638	77.0%
AfricanAmerican	12611	18.4%
Hispanic	1469	2.1%
Other	1157	1.7%
Asian	483	0.7%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	15
Median length	9
Mean length	9.989452588
Min length	5

gender
Categorical

Distinct	3
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Female	36440
Male	31917
Unknown/Invalid	1

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Female	36440	53.3%
Male	31917	46.7%
Unknown/Invalid	1	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	1 ?
Unique (%)	< 0.1%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	15
Median length	6
Mean length	5.066312648
Min length	4

age
Categorical

Distinct	10
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

[70-80)	17588
[60-70)	15373
[50-60)	11960
[80-90)	11202
[40-50)	6498
Other values (5)	5737

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
[70-80)	17588	25.7%
[60-70)	15373	22.5%
[50-60)	11960	17.5%
[80-90)	11202	16.4%
[40-50)	6498	9.5%
[30-40)	2505	3.7%
[90-100)	1836	2.7%
[20-30)	992	1.5%
[10-20)	340	0.5%
[0-10)	64	0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	8
Median length	7
Mean length	7.02592235
Min length	6

admission_type_id
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	8
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	2.103586998
Minimum	1
Maximum	8
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	1
Q1	1
median	1
Q3	3
95-th percentile	6
Maximum	8
Range	7
Interquartile range (IQR)	2

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.514801095
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.7201038495
Kurtosis	1.590550016
Mean	2.103586998
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	1.51421207
Sum	143797
Variance	2.294622357
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=8)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	35000	51.2%
3	13338	19.5%
2	12211	17.9%
6	4436	6.5%
5	3061	4.5%
8	283	0.4%
7	20	< 0.1%
4	9	< 0.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	35000	51.2%
2	12211	17.9%
3	13338	19.5%
4	9	< 0.1%
5	3061	4.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8	283	0.4%
7	20	< 0.1%
6	4436	6.5%
5	3061	4.5%
4	9	< 0.1%

discharge_disposition_id
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	26
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.636282513
Minimum	1
Maximum	28
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	1
Q1	1
median	1
Q3	3
95-th percentile	18
Maximum	28
Range	27
Interquartile range (IQR)	2

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	5.306901208
Coefficient of variation (CV)	1.459430391
Kurtosis	6.168915396
Mean	3.636282513
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	2.605951787
Sum	248569
Variance	28.16320043
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=26)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	42045	61.5%
3	8481	12.4%
6	8053	11.8%
18	2421	3.5%
2	1472	2.2%
22	1393	2.0%
11	1050	1.5%
5	863	1.3%
25	731	1.1%
4	492	0.7%
Other values (16)	1357	2.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	42045	61.5%
2	1472	2.2%
3	8481	12.4%
4	492	0.7%
5	863	1.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
28	89	0.1%
27	3	< 0.1%
25	731	1.1%
24	25	< 0.1%
23	253	0.4%

admission_source_id
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	17
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	5.682012347
Minimum	1
Maximum	25
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	1
Q1	1
median	7
Q3	7
95-th percentile	17
Maximum	25
Range	24
Interquartile range (IQR)	6

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	4.173131386
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.7344460256
Kurtosis	1.628406139
Mean	5.682012347
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	1.067740429
Sum	388411
Variance	17.41502556
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=17)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
7	37023	54.2%
1	20947	30.6%
17	4786	7.0%
4	2373	3.5%
6	1486	2.2%
2	859	1.3%
5	536	0.8%
20	154	0.2%
3	131	0.2%
9	36	0.1%
Other values (7)	27	< 0.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	20947	30.6%
2	859	1.3%
3	131	0.2%
4	2373	3.5%
5	536	0.8%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
25	2	< 0.1%
22	4	< 0.1%
20	154	0.2%
17	4786	7.0%
14	2	< 0.1%

time_in_hospital
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	14
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	4.318177828
Minimum	1
Maximum	14
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	1
Q1	2
median	4
Q3	6
95-th percentile	11
Maximum	14
Range	13
Interquartile range (IQR)	4

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.958281921
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.6850764464
Kurtosis	0.9325903281
Mean	4.318177828
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2
Skewness	1.158284422
Sum	295182
Variance	8.751431927
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=14)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	12096	17.7%
2	11719	17.1%
1	10088	14.8%
4	9163	13.4%
5	6611	9.7%
6	4986	7.3%
7	3865	5.7%
8	2828	4.1%
9	1929	2.8%
10	1517	2.2%
Other values (4)	3556	5.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	10088	14.8%
2	11719	17.1%
3	12096	17.7%
4	9163	13.4%
5	6611	9.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
14	646	0.9%
13	774	1.1%
12	933	1.4%
11	1203	1.8%
10	1517	2.2%

num_lab_procedures
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	116
Distinct (%)	0.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	43.13961789
Minimum	1
Maximum	132
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	3
Q1	31
median	44
Q3	57
95-th percentile	74
Maximum	132
Range	131
Interquartile range (IQR)	26

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	20.00539283
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.4637359764
Kurtosis	-0.2920877578
Mean	43.13961789
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	13
Skewness	-0.2138338676
Sum	2948938
Variance	400.2157422
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	2185	3.2%
43	1837	2.7%
44	1586	2.3%
45	1562	2.3%
46	1481	2.2%
38	1468	2.1%
47	1439	2.1%
40	1427	2.1%
39	1386	2.0%
37	1380	2.0%
Other values (106)	52607	77.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	2185	3.2%
2	744	1.1%
3	490	0.7%
4	282	0.4%
5	206	0.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
132	1	< 0.1%
121	1	< 0.1%
120	1	< 0.1%
118	1	< 0.1%
114	2	< 0.1%

num_procedures
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct	7
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	1.445156383
Minimum	0
Maximum	6
Zeros	29724
Zeros (%)	43.5%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	1
Q3	2
95-th percentile	6
Maximum	6
Range	6
Interquartile range (IQR)	2

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.763509343
Coefficient of variation (CV)	1.220289627
Kurtosis	0.5046128359
Mean	1.445156383
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	1.207174314
Sum	98788
Variance	3.109965201
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=7)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	29724	43.5%
1	13687	20.0%
2	8854	13.0%
3	6965	10.2%
6	3821	5.6%
4	2963	4.3%
5	2344	3.4%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	29724	43.5%
1	13687	20.0%
2	8854	13.0%
3	6965	10.2%
4	2963	4.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6	3821	5.6%
5	2344	3.4%
4	2963	4.3%
3	6965	10.2%
2	8854	13.0%

num_medications
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	75
Distinct (%)	0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	15.81316013
Minimum	1
Maximum	81
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	5
Q1	10
median	14
Q3	20
95-th percentile	31
Maximum	81
Range	80
Interquartile range (IQR)	10

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8.290263264
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5242635373
Kurtosis	3.835930933
Mean	15.81316013
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	1.433092237
Sum	1080956
Variance	68.72846499
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
13	4176	6.1%
12	4158	6.1%
11	3914	5.7%
15	3814	5.6%
10	3763	5.5%
14	3760	5.5%
16	3573	5.2%
9	3506	5.1%
17	3211	4.7%
8	3132	4.6%
Other values (65)	31351	45.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	194	0.3%
2	333	0.5%
3	627	0.9%
4	1028	1.5%
5	1468	2.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
81	1	< 0.1%
79	1	< 0.1%
75	2	< 0.1%
74	1	< 0.1%
72	2	< 0.1%

number_outpatient
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct	33
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.2861406127
Minimum	0
Maximum	42
Zeros	59309
Zeros (%)	86.8%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	0
95-th percentile	2
Maximum	42
Range	42
Interquartile range (IQR)	0

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.084632662
Coefficient of variation (CV)	3.790558258
Kurtosis	179.5884764
Mean	0.2861406127
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	9.625457221
Sum	19560
Variance	1.176428012
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=33)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	59309	86.8%
1	4716	6.9%
2	1974	2.9%
3	1089	1.6%
4	570	0.8%
5	280	0.4%
6	125	0.2%
7	72	0.1%
8	57	0.1%
9	37	0.1%
Other values (23)	129	0.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	59309	86.8%
1	4716	6.9%
2	1974	2.9%
3	1089	1.6%
4	570	0.8%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
42	1	< 0.1%
36	1	< 0.1%
35	1	< 0.1%
33	2	< 0.1%
29	1	< 0.1%

number_emergency
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

SKEWED
ZEROS

Distinct	18
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.1060007607
Minimum	0
Maximum	42
Zeros	63267
Zeros (%)	92.6%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	0
95-th percentile	1
Maximum	42
Range	42
Interquartile range (IQR)	0

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.5161623841
Coefficient of variation (CV)	4.869421509
Kurtosis	1195.983411
Mean	0.1060007607
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	21.11983727
Sum	7246
Variance	0.2664236068
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=18)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	63267	92.6%
1	3879	5.7%
2	786	1.1%
3	241	0.4%
4	95	0.1%
5	32	< 0.1%
6	25	< 0.1%
8	9	< 0.1%
7	7	< 0.1%
10	5	< 0.1%
Other values (8)	12	< 0.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	63267	92.6%
1	3879	5.7%
2	786	1.1%
3	241	0.4%
4	95	0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
42	1	< 0.1%
37	1	< 0.1%
25	1	< 0.1%
20	1	< 0.1%
16	1	< 0.1%

number_inpatient
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct	13
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.1814125633
Minimum	0
Maximum	12
Zeros	60137
Zeros (%)	88.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	0
95-th percentile	1
Maximum	12
Range	12
Interquartile range (IQR)	0

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.6090359145
Coefficient of variation (CV)	3.357187085
Kurtosis	44.78560512
Mean	0.1814125633
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	5.449452586
Sum	12401
Variance	0.3709247451
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=13)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	60137	88.0%
1	5796	8.5%
2	1512	2.2%
3	480	0.7%
4	230	0.3%
5	101	0.1%
6	55	0.1%
7	19	< 0.1%
8	12	< 0.1%
9	8	< 0.1%
Other values (3)	8	< 0.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	60137	88.0%
1	5796	8.5%
2	1512	2.2%
3	480	0.7%
4	230	0.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
12	2	< 0.1%
11	1	< 0.1%
10	5	< 0.1%
9	8	< 0.1%
8	12	< 0.1%

diag_1
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct	691
Distinct (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

414	5047
428	3875
786	2929
410	2810
486	2365
Other values (686)	51332

Frequencies
Length

Common Values
Overview

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
414	5047	7.4%
428	3875	5.7%
786	2929	4.3%
410	2810	4.1%
486	2365	3.5%
427	1993	2.9%
715	1831	2.7%
434	1543	2.3%
682	1404	2.1%
780	1383	2.0%
Other values (681)	43178	63.2%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	101 ?
Unique (%)	0.1%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	3
Mean length	3.150823605
Min length	1

diag_2
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct	715
Distinct (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

250	4404
276	4397
428	4222
427	3443
401	2972
Other values (710)	48920

Frequencies
Length

Common Values
Overview

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
250	4404	6.4%
276	4397	6.4%
428	4222	6.2%
427	3443	5.0%
401	2972	4.3%
599	2201	3.2%
496	2169	3.2%
411	1979	2.9%
414	1911	2.8%
403	1588	2.3%
Other values (705)	39072	57.2%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	121 ?
Unique (%)	0.2%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	3
Mean length	3.176014512
Min length	1

diag_3
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct	755
Distinct (%)	1.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

250	8739
401	6406
276	3383
428	2785
427	2637
Other values (750)	44408

Frequencies
Length

Common Values
Overview

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
250	8739	12.8%
401	6406	9.4%
276	3383	4.9%
428	2785	4.1%
427	2637	3.9%
414	2585	3.8%
496	1614	2.4%
272	1578	2.3%
403	1272	1.9%
599	1254	1.8%
Other values (745)	36105	52.8%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	137 ?
Unique (%)	0.2%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	3
Mean length	3.133459142
Min length	1

number_diagnoses
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	14
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	7.349044735
Minimum	3
Maximum	16
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	3
5-th percentile	4
Q1	6
median	8
Q3	9
95-th percentile	9
Maximum	16
Range	13
Interquartile range (IQR)	3

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.884518736
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2564304347
Kurtosis	-0.609153816
Mean	7.349044735
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	-0.6769684049
Sum	502366
Variance	3.551410867
Monotocity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=14)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9	31079	45.5%
5	8274	12.1%
6	7536	11.0%
7	7428	10.9%
8	7382	10.8%
4	4307	6.3%
3	2284	3.3%
16	27	< 0.1%
13	10	< 0.1%
10	8	< 0.1%
Other values (4)	23	< 0.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	2284	3.3%
4	4307	6.3%
5	8274	12.1%
6	7536	11.0%
7	7428	10.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
16	27	< 0.1%
15	5	< 0.1%
14	5	< 0.1%
13	10	< 0.1%
12	7	< 0.1%

max_glu_serum
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

None	65026
Norm	1672
>200	936
>300	724

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
None	65026	95.1%
Norm	1672	2.4%
>200	936	1.4%
>300	724	1.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	4
Min length	4

A1Cresult
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

None	56126
>8	5766
Norm	3668
>7	2798

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
None	56126	82.1%
>8	5766	8.4%
Norm	3668	5.4%
>7	2798	4.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.749436789
Min length	2

metformin
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	54032
Steady	13120
Up	793
Down	413

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	54032	79.0%
Steady	13120	19.2%
Up	793	1.2%
Down	413	0.6%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.779806314
Min length	2

repaglinide
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	67448
Steady	811
Up	70
Down	29

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	67448	98.7%
Steady	811	1.2%
Up	70	0.1%
Down	29	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.048304514
Min length	2

nateglinide
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	67870
Steady	464
Up	16
Down	8

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	67870	99.3%
Steady	464	0.7%
Up	16	< 0.1%
Down	8	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.027385237
Min length	2

chlorpropamide
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68289
Steady	64
Up	4
Down	1

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68289	99.9%
Steady	64	0.1%
Up	4	< 0.1%
Down	1	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	1 ?
Unique (%)	< 0.1%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.003774247
Min length	2

glimepiride
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	64782
Steady	3219
Up	226
Down	131

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	64782	94.8%
Steady	3219	4.7%
Up	226	0.3%
Down	131	0.2%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.192194037
Min length	2

acetohexamide
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68357
Steady	1

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68357	> 99.9%
Steady	1	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	1 ?
Unique (%)	< 0.1%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.000058515
Min length	2

glipizide
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	59593
Steady	7836
Up	566
Down	363

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	59593	87.2%
Steady	7836	11.5%
Up	566	0.8%
Down	363	0.5%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.469147722
Min length	2

glyburide
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	60843
Steady	6516
Up	601
Down	398

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	60843	89.0%
Steady	6516	9.5%
Up	601	0.9%
Down	398	0.6%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.392931332
Min length	2

tolbutamide
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68340
Steady	18

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68340	> 99.9%
Steady	18	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.001053278
Min length	2

pioglitazone
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	63253
Steady	4853
Up	173
Down	79

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	63253	92.5%
Steady	4853	7.1%
Up	173	0.3%
Down	79	0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.286286901
Min length	2

rosiglitazone
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	63830
Steady	4324
Up	132
Down	72

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	63830	93.4%
Steady	4324	6.3%
Up	132	0.2%
Down	72	0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.255127417
Min length	2

acarbose
Categorical

Distinct	3
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68164
Steady	184
Up	10

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68164	99.7%
Steady	184	0.3%
Up	10	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.010766845
Min length	2

miglitol
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68338
Steady	18
Up	1
Down	1

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68338	> 99.9%
Steady	18	< 0.1%
Up	1	< 0.1%
Down	1	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	2 ?
Unique (%)	< 0.1%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.001082536
Min length	2

troglitazone
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68355
Steady	3

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68355	> 99.9%
Steady	3	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.000175546
Min length	2

tolazamide
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68330
Steady	28

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68330	> 99.9%
Steady	28	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.001638433
Min length	2

insulin
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	33636
Steady	20888
Down	7211
Up	6623

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	33636	49.2%
Steady	20888	30.6%
Down	7211	10.5%
Up	6623	9.7%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	3.433248486
Min length	2

glyburide-metformin
Categorical

Distinct	4
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	67885
Steady	464
Up	6
Down	3

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	67885	99.3%
Steady	464	0.7%
Up	6	< 0.1%
Down	3	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.027238948
Min length	2

glipizide-metformin
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68351
Steady	7

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68351	> 99.9%
Steady	7	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.000409608
Min length	2

glimepiride-pioglitazone
Categorical

CONSTANT
REJECTED

Distinct	1
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68358

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68358	100.0%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	2
Median length	2
Mean length	2
Min length	2

metformin-rosiglitazone
Categorical

CONSTANT
REJECTED

Distinct	1
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68358

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68358	100.0%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	2
Median length	2
Mean length	2
Min length	2

metformin-pioglitazone
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	68357
Steady	1

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	68357	> 99.9%
Steady	1	< 0.1%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	1 ?
Unique (%)	< 0.1%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	6
Median length	2
Mean length	2.000058515
Min length	2

change
Categorical

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

No	37782
Ch	30576

Frequencies
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
No	37782	55.3%
Ch	30576	44.7%

Frequencies of value counts

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Histogram of lengths of the category

Length

Max length	2
Median length	2
Mean length	2
Min length	2

diabetesMed
Boolean

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

Yes	51789
No	16569

Common Values
Chart

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Yes	51789	75.8%
No	16569	24.2%

readmitted
Boolean

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	< 0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	534.0 KiB

NO	40729
YES	27629

Common Values
Chart

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
NO	40729	59.6%
YES	27629	40.4%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

Count
Matrix

First rows

	race	gender	age	admission_type_id	discharge_disposition_id	admission_source_id	time_in_hospital	num_lab_procedures	num_procedures	num_medications	number_outpatient	number_inpatient	diag_1	diag_2	diag_3	number_diagnoses	max_glu_serum	A1Cresult	metformin	repaglinide	nateglinide	chlorpropamide	glimepiride	acetohexamide	glipizide	glyburide	tolbutamide	pioglitazone	rosiglitazone	acarbose	miglitol	troglitazone	tolazamide	insulin	glyburide-metformin	glipizide-metformin	glimepiride-pioglitazone	metformin-rosiglitazone	metformin-pioglitazone	change	diabetesMed	readmitted
0	Caucasian	Female	[10-20)	1	1	7	3	59	0	18	0	0	276	250.01	255	9	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Up	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	YES
1	AfricanAmerican	Female	[20-30)	1	1	7	2	11	5	13	2	1	648	250	V27	6	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	NO
2	Caucasian	Male	[30-40)	1	1	7	2	44	1	16	0	0	8	250.43	403	7	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Up	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
3	Caucasian	Male	[40-50)	1	1	7	1	51	0	8	0	0	197	157	250	5	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
4	Caucasian	Male	[50-60)	2	1	2	3	31	6	16	0	0	414	411	250	9	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	YES
5	Caucasian	Male	[60-70)	3	1	2	4	70	1	21	0	0	414	411	V45	7	None	None	Steady	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
6	Caucasian	Male	[70-80)	1	1	7	5	73	0	12	0	0	428	492	250	8	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	YES
7	Caucasian	Female	[80-90)	2	1	4	13	68	2	28	0	0	398	427	38	8	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
8	Caucasian	Female	[90-100)	3	3	4	12	33	3	18	0	0	434	198	486	8	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
9	AfricanAmerican	Female	[40-50)	1	1	7	9	47	2	17	0	0	250.7	403	996	9	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	YES

Last rows

	race	gender	age	admission_type_id	discharge_disposition_id	admission_source_id	time_in_hospital	num_lab_procedures	num_procedures	num_medications	number_outpatient	number_emergency	number_inpatient	diag_1	diag_2	diag_3	number_diagnoses	max_glu_serum	A1Cresult	metformin	repaglinide	nateglinide	chlorpropamide	glimepiride	acetohexamide	glipizide	glyburide	tolbutamide	pioglitazone	rosiglitazone	acarbose	miglitol	troglitazone	tolazamide	insulin	glyburide-metformin	glipizide-metformin	glimepiride-pioglitazone	metformin-rosiglitazone	metformin-pioglitazone	change	diabetesMed	readmitted
68348	Caucasian	Female	[40-50)	1	4	7	14	69	0	16	0	0	0	295	305	250	5	None	>7	Up	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Down	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	YES
68349	Caucasian	Female	[70-80)	3	6	1	3	27	1	29	0	1	0	715	401	250	9	None	Norm	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
68350	Caucasian	Male	[70-80)	3	6	1	13	77	6	65	0	0	0	424	429	486	16	None	Norm	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Up	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
68351	Other	Female	[40-50)	3	1	1	3	13	1	5	0	0	0	348	784	782	8	None	None	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
68352	Other	Male	[40-50)	1	1	7	13	51	2	13	0	0	0	250.8	730	731	9	None	None	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Down	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
68353	Caucasian	Female	[70-80)	1	1	7	9	50	2	33	0	0	0	574	574	250.02	9	None	>7	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Up	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	YES
68354	Other	Female	[40-50)	1	1	7	14	73	6	26	0	1	0	592	599	518	9	None	>8	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Up	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	YES
68355	Other	Female	[60-70)	1	1	7	2	46	6	17	1	1	1	996	585	403	9	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Steady	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	YES
68356	Caucasian	Female	[80-90)	1	1	7	5	76	1	22	0	1	0	292	8	304	9	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Up	No	No	No	No	No	Ch	Yes	NO
68357	Caucasian	Male	[70-80)	1	1	7	6	13	3	3	0	0	0	530	530	787	9	None	None	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	NO

Overview

Variables

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Cramér's V (φc)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows